В ходе работы над индивидуальным исследовательским проектом по английскому языку на тему «Политические системы России и США: сходства и различия» обучающаяся 7 класса подробно изучила и доступно описала характеристики политических систем изучаемых стран, а также оценила влияние политических систем на жизнь граждан.

В процессе исследовательской работы (проекта) по английскому языку о политических системах России и США: сходствах и различиях учащаяся 7 класса продемонстрировала свои познания о влиянии политики на повседневную жизнь людей в обеих странах (в том числе, права человека, свободу слова и качество жизни), изложив при этом собранную информацию на английском языке.

Content

Введение
Introduction
1. Description of the political system of the United States
2. Description of the political system of Russia
3. Similarities and differences of political systems
4. The Results of the Survey
Conclusion
Appendix 1,2
Список использованной литературы

Целью моей работы является изучение политических систем обеих стран и повышение осведомленности в областях, связанных со странами изучаемого иностранного языка и расширения социокультурных знаний. Сравнение политических систем также помогает в развитии критического мышления, что важно в современных реалиях. В свою очередь знание социокультурных реалий ведет к понимаю и верной оценке политической ситуации в целом.

Для достижения цели мне необходимо решить следующие задачи:

• Изучить научную литературу по данной теме;
• Изучить основные характеристики политических систем США и России
• Собрать и проанализировать мнения. Провести опрос среди одноклассников и сообщества, чтобы выяснить, насколько учащиеся интересуются политической ситуацией в обеих странах, а также какие аспекты политики их наиболее волнуют.
• Создать информационные материалы: разработать презентацию на английском языке, которая наглядно представит результаты моего исследования и сделает информацию более доступной для других.
• Оценить влияние политических систем на жизнь граждан: исследовать, как политика влияет на повседневную жизнь людей в обеих странах, включая права человека, свободу слова и качество жизни, что поможет глубже понять культурные и социальные контексты.
• Расширить лексический запас: работать над освоением новых слов и выражений, связанных с политическими темами, чтобы свободно обсуждать эти вопросы на английском языке.

Эти задачи помогут мне не только углубить свои знания о политических системах, но и станут отличной возможностью для практики английского языка и развития критического мышления.

Гипотеза исследования:
Через социокультурные познания учить язык легко и эффективно.

Методы исследования:

• теоретическое исследование;
• анкетирование учащихся;
• практическое исследование статей по теме

Объект исследования: тексты статей на английском и русском языках о политических системах.

Предмет исследования: изучение английского языка через социокультурный компонент.
Участники исследования: социум.

Сфера применения - уроки английского языка и истории в нашей школе и участие во внеклассных мероприятиях.

Актуальность темы заключается в том, что в данное время в США происходит смена президента. В ноябре весь мир следил за выборами и предвыборной кампанией. Компетенция в этой области являются дополнительным средством обучения подрастающего поколения. Знание социокультурного компонента являются одним из важных факторов развития и патриотического воспитания личности.

Politics plays a key role in everyone's life, determining the interaction between the state and society. The importance of studying political systems cannot be overestimated, since they form the foundations of social structure, influence economic development and ensure the protection of citizens' rights. In this project, we will focus on a comparative analysis of the political systems of the United States of America and the Russian Federation. We look at the main characteristics, including the structure of government, electoral systems, political parties, and civil rights.

Understanding the differences and similarities between these two countries not only deepens our view of political processes, but also contributes to the development of critical thinking about world events. By exploring the effects of these systems on the lives of citizens, we hope not only to enrich our knowledge, but also to understand how politics affects the daily lives of people in different parts of the world.
Today I would like to present to you my project about the political systems of the United States and the Russian Federation. Let me start with the USA.

The United States is a federal republic with a democratic political system. The country is governed by three branches of power: legislative, executive, and judicial.
The legislative branch consists of the Congress, which is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Congress is responsible for making laws and supervising the executive branch.

The executive branch is headed by the President, who is elected by the people. The President is responsible for enforcing laws and leading the country's foreign policy.
The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. The Supreme Court interprets the laws and ensures their compliance with the Constitution.
The political system of the United States is based on the principles of democracy, freedom, and equality. The rights and freedoms of citizens are guaranteed by the Constitution, which is the highest law in the country.

One of the main features of the US political system is the separation of powers between the branches of government. This ensures that no one branch of government has too much power and that the decisions made by the government are based on the interests of the people.

Another important feature of the US political system is political parties. Political parties are organizations that represent the interests of different groups of people and compete for power in elections.
The US political system is constantly evolving and adapting to new challenges. However, the principles of democracy, freedom, and equality remain the foundation of the country's political system.

The president is the head of state.
The head of state in the USA (the president) has the real power. For example, he is Commander-in- Chief of the armed forces (Главнокомандующий ВС), he makes treaties (ведет переговоры) and appoints ambassadors (назначает послов), can veto laws.
Congress and the Supreme Court control the president’s power.

The legislative power in the USA belongs to Congress, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives (two senators for each state (100 in total).
The executive power belongs to the President, the Vice-President and the Cabinet.
The President, the Head of the executive branch, is elected for a four-year term.
In the USA each state has its own constitution (50 states and the District of Columbia).

The American Bill of Rights, passed in 1791, forms the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the USA. Congress sits in the Capitol.
The White House is the president’s residence.
There are two main political parties in the USA: the Democratic and the Republican.

The Russian political system is a set of institutions and organizations that govern the country and make decisions. It includes various branches of government, political parties, and electoral processes.

Branches of government
In Russia there are also three main branches of government:
Executive Branch: It is responsible for the implementation of laws and the governance of the country. The Head of the Executive branch is the President. The President is elected for a 6-year term, and he has broad powers, including the right to appoint the Prime Minister and other members of the Government.

Legislative branch: It is engaged in the development and adoption of laws. In Russia, there is a bicameral parliament called the Federal Assembly. It consists of two parts: The State Duma and the Federation Council. The State Duma passes laws, and the Federation Council represents the interests of the country's regions. The judicial branch: It enforces laws and resolves disputes between citizens

Elections in Russia
The Russian presidential election is perhaps the most significant election in the country. They take place every 6 years. Candidates nominated by various political parties and movements, as well as self-nominated candidates, can participate in the elections. In order to become a candidate, it is necessary to collect a certain number of signatures of citizens supporting his candidacy.

The election procedure takes place in several stages:
Registration of candidates: All interested parties must register as candidates, submit their programs and collect signatures.
Election campaign: Candidates conduct a campaign to bring their ideas and programs to the voters. They participate in debates, meetings, and other events.

Voting: Citizens come to polling stations, where they choose which candidate they want to vote for.
Vote counting: After the voting is completed, the votes are counted and the CEC (Central Election Commission) announces the results.

Elections to the State
The president is the head of the state. He has much power: can dissolve the Duma, can veto laws.
The National Government of Russia consists of the President, the Council of Ministers and the Federal Assembly.

The legislative power in Russia belongs to the Federal Assembly. It consists of two houses or chambers: the Upper House (the Council of Federation) and the lower House (the State Duma).
The Duma consists of 450 deputies.
The executive power belongs to the government, e.g. to the Cabinet of Ministers, headed by the Prime-Minister.

The head of government is the Prime Minister.
The President is the Head of the executive branch. He is elected for a six-year term.

Analyzing the facts, we came to the following conclusion:
Analyzing the facts and basic principles underlying the political systems of the two countries, it can be concluded that there are more similarities than differences. Despite very different historical paths, both countries have come to form democracy and a multiparty system, universal suffrage, and adherence to the constitution as the main state document.

Анализируя факты и основные положения, лежащие в основе политических систем двух стран, можно сделать вывод, что сходств больше, чем различий. Несмотря на очень разные исторические пути, обе страны пришли к формированию демократии и многопартийной системы, всеобщему голосованию, следованию конституции, как основному государственному документу.

Let’s formalize all the data in the form of the table:

Point	United States of America	Russia
Head of State	The President	The President
Residence	White House, Washington, D.C.	Kremlin, Moscow
Type system	Federal Republic	Federal Republic
The ruling parties	the Democratic Party, the Republican Party	United Russia (the main party)
Multiparty system	Yes, with many parties and independent candidates	Yes, a multiparty system, but with the dominance of United Russia
Terms of election	President — 4 years (re—election for 2 terms)	President - 6 years (unlimited re-election)
The main law	The Constitution	The Constitution

Up to 70 people took part in the survey. These are mostly students in grades 7 and 8 of our school. The survey showed that the younger generation as a whole cares about what is happening in the world as a whole. 67% of the respondents are interested in world news, 89% know the names of the heads of other states. 33% closely followed the US elections, 46% followed, but without much interest.

And this is understandable, since the age of the respondents is 13-14 years old. Teenagers at this age still have little interest in politics. But the situation in the world and in our country leads to the fact that this concerns us all. And we should at least be aware of the situation.

В опросе приняли участие до 70 человек. Это в основном учащиеся 7 и 8 классов нашей школы. Опрос показал, что подрастающему поколению в целом не все равно, что происходит в мире в целом. 67% процентов опрошенных интересуются мировыми новостями, 89% знают имена глав других государств.

33% плотно следили за выборами в США, 46% следили, но без особого интереса. И это понятно, так как возраст опрашиваемых 13-14 лет. Подростки в этом возрасте еще мало интересуются политикой. Но ситуация в мире и нашей стране приводит к тому, что это касается нас всех. И мы по крайней мере должны быть в курсе ситуации

Our study of the political systems of the United States and Russia has revealed many interesting aspects that determine the functioning of these systems and their impact on the lives of citizens. It can be noted that each country has its own unique features and approaches to governance, which provides various opportunities and challenges for their residents.

As a result of the comparative analysis, we came to the conclusion that political systems are not static; they continue to evolve and adapt to changes in society and global realities. Understanding these dynamics plays an important role in shaping informed and active civic engagement. We hope that our project will become an incentive for further study of political processes and their impact on society, encouraging peers to delve into this important topic. We remind you that awareness of politics is not only the foundation of civic responsibility, but also the key to building a more just and open society.
 

• The Federal Assembly – Федеральная Собрание (the Russian Parliament)
• The Council of Federation – Совет Федерации
• The State Duma – Государственная Дума
• The Council of Ministers = The Cabinet of Ministers – Совет министров (правительство)
• The Chairman of government= The Prime Minister – Председатель правительства
• The Supreme Court – Верховный суд
• The Constitutional Court – Конституционный суд
• The Senate – Сенат
• The House of Representatives – Палата представителей
• The Capitol – Капитолий
• The White House – Белый дом
• The Supreme Court - Верховный Суд
• Congress – Конгресс
• Commander-in- Chief of the armed forces - Главнокомандующий ВС

The US elections have a rich and fascinating history full of interesting facts. Here are some of the most notable:

1. The first election
The first presidential elections in the United States were held in 1788-1789. George Washington became the country's first president, as he received almost unanimous electoral support.

2. The electoral system
The system of presidential elections in the United States includes the mechanism of electors. Out of 538 electors, candidates need to get 270 votes to win. Some states use the "winner-takes-all" principle, where the candidate who receives the most votes in a state receives all the electors from that state.

3. Adoption of the 19th Amendment
In 1920, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was passed, which granted women the right to vote. This was a significant step in the fight for equality and expanded the electorate in the country.

4. Low turnout
Although elections in the United States are important, turnout is often low. For example, in the 2016 presidential election, the turnout was about 60% of the total

Elections in Russia also have their own unique history and a number of interesting facts. Here are a few of them:

1. The first election
The first elections in Russia after the 1917 revolution were held in 1918, when the Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted and elections to the Constituent Assembly were held. These elections were cancelled after the Bolsheviks came to power.

2. Modern elections
The modern election system in Russia includes various levels, from presidential elections to local elections. Presidential elections are held every six years, and since the first popular vote in 1991, Russians have had the opportunity to choose their leader.

3. Electronic voting
In recent years, Russia has been actively implementing electronic voting. In 2020, remote electronic voting was launched in some regions, which allowed citizens to vote remotely via the Internet.

4. Limited participation
There is serious criticism of the Russian electoral system, including restrictions on the participation of the public.

1. США. Лингвострановедческий словарь Томахин Г.Д., Томахин С.Г. Тамбов, «Пролетарский светоч», 2009.-632
2. На основе материалов интернета.